Alcoholism and Smoking Clinical and Experimental Research

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Alcoholism and Smoking for Clinical and Experimental Research. Answer: Literature Review Smoking habit is a major cause of severe health issues which could lead to fatal consequences of cancer. Thus, it is one of the most important social issues which should be controlled to make the society healthy. In this context, it has been seen that teenagers are more prone to experience smoking habits, as it helps to feel relaxed in spite of their struggling and frustrating life. A number of factors are contributing in smoking habits of adolescences as well as adult population. On the other hand, smoking habit is related to a number of severe diseases like cardiovascular diseases, cancer and lung diseases. In this assessment, a systematic literature review would be done on the smoking habits with the help of previous literatures on the similar topics. It would help to establish an in-depth knowledge upon smoking habit. As it has been mentioned that there are a number of factors which are contributing in the establishment of smoking habit, the study provided by Vasilopoulos et al., (2015) has been focused upon the social influence of smoking habit upon adolescent. The samples were selected within the age group was 13-18 years. The students were asked about social influences which might shaped their smoking habits. Authors found 19.2% frequency of smoking. It has been found that 22 % girls had friends and neighbors who smoke; however, the frequency of boys was lo, 2.6%. The researchers tested the Pearson correlation between the number of friends who smoke and the frequency of smoking per day, the results was positive for both boys and girls in this age group. Thus, the researchers concluded that social influence of smoking tobacco from friend and neighbors is one of the most significant factors for promoting the smoking habits of adolescents. The researchers identified the need of comprehensive smoki ng policy development, especially for young adults to make them aware of the negative impact of smoking upon their lives. While investigating the factors and social influences of smoking habits upon the young generation, the study of Bergenwall, Kelloway and Barling (2014) has been analyzed. Here the authors considered the influence of smoking and smoking related activities upon their informal employment at early age. The study used the data from large national survey for addressing the links within early employment intensity and smoking habits in their past. The study results were supported by the previous article on smoking habits in adolescents by Vasilopoulos et al., (2015). The results showed that fifth and ninth grade children showed relation within the intensity of their informal employment and smoking history along with smoking intent. It has also been showed that the smoking habits and related employment issues are influenced by the self-esteem as well as weekly spending money. Supporting the previous literature, the authors found that the relationship between self-esteem, smoking behavior and weekly expense is being influenced by the number of parents or friends of a young individual smoke. Thus, this article highlighted the need of research regarding ethical implications of adolescents who are experiencing informal or odd employments in the context of complex consequences of a young childs exposure to early employment. In this study provided by Aristidis (2015) discussed about the promotion of smoking habits through music. In the previous literatures, the social and other influences of smoking has been analyzed. Here, the researchers identified a unique factor, music. Usually, music has a significant effect upon mental, emotional and social development of people. Music has been shown to contribute in health promotion, rehabilitation, socialization activities and human well-being. However, the effect of music on human behavior can be expressed differently. It has been seen that the promotion of smoking through music has a direct effect on tobacco addiction patterns and adoption behavior. The researchers gathered data from different musical foundations via questionnaire which included 400 English language songs and 400 Greek songs. IT has been revealed that 45 % Greek songs and 55 % English songs exhibited smoking habits along with alcohol consumption; however, anti-smoking messages were not shown in any track. Thus, in addition to the previous two literatures, this literature contributed in another social factor which promote smoking habit. While investigating the cigarette smoking habits and the contribution of different factors in smoking habits, Asghari et al., (2015) focused on investigation of the effect of cigarette smoking habit on quality of sleep. The study used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for assessing sleep. The study included 18 to 98 years people excluding the night shift workers. The PSQI components consisted quality of sleep, use of sedative medication, duration and global PSQI score. The results showed that the score was significantly poorer while compared to the nonsmokers. It has also been found in the results that the number of cigarettes smoked by an individual per day is directly proportional to the increased PQSI score. Therefore, it was concluded that PQSI global score that reflected the quality of sleep was poor in the case of smokers having an experience of at least one month. Therefore, it can be said that only one-month experience of cigarette smoking can have significant impact upon biological clock of an individual including sleeping behavior. A number of studies have investigated the relationship between smoking habit and health related quality of life. However, the results were no consistent. Thus, Becona et al., (2013) attempted to develop a cross-sectional study to investigate the smoking-related variables and their effect upon their health related quality of life (HRQOL). The study results supported the results found in the previous article by Asghari et al., (2015). The results found that the mental component of HRQOL scale showed worse results for the nicotine dependent smokers in comparison to the never smokers. However, no physical disadvantage was identified with nicotine dependence score. On the other hand, they found no difference between the score of never smokers and no-nicotine smokers. In addition, they found no relation of number of cigarettes per day, attempts to quit smoking in last few years, age of smoking onset, stage of change with the HRQOL scores. Thus, it was concluded that nicotine-dependent smok ing has a significant impact upon the health related quality of life of an individual which has a similarity with the act found in the previous literature that smoking has an effect upon sleeping behavior. However, in contrast to this article, the article by Asghari et al., (2015) showed effect of all kinds of smoking upon sleeping behavior. Scaglia et al., (2016) investigate the effect of smoking habit at molecular level. Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have a significant link with the several diseases, such a smoking. Using a cross sectional study, the major PUFAs in RBC are measured. ANCOA model was used for comparing the data between smokers and non-smokers. The results found high consumption of PUFAs by non-smokers, like salmon fish, the consumption of PUFAs was found to be half in the case of smokers in comparison to the non-smokers. The researchers interpreted that PUFAs might interfere with the smoking habit. Therefore, it was interpreted that omega-3 consumption can be used as a prevention procedure against smoking habit. After investigating the factors contributing in the smoking habits, now the effect of smoking habits would be analyzed. In the article provided by Pieroni and Salmasi (2016) showed the effect of smoking habit changes upon the body weight of individual. The study modeled the effect of smoking habit changes including attempts of quitting or reducing smoking upon the heterogeneous responses regarding change in body mass. The results revealed positive impact of smoking quitting upon changes in body weight. It has been revealed that quitting smoking increased in highest quintiles, but the reduction of smoking did not affect the body weight; however, the results showed no effect of decision of smoking reduction upon body weight. Adiponectin is a biological molecule having significant contribution in obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. In addition, smoking habit has also been seen to contribute in severe health issues like cardiovascular diseases or hypertension. The study by Iwashima et al., (2005) attempted to investigate the association between smoking habit and adiponecin concentration. The experiment was done on male subjects experiencing chronic smoking exposure. It has been seen that the plasma adiponectin level was significantly lower in smokers in comparison to the never smokers. In addition to these results, the current smokers also showed a significant level of decrease in plasma adiponectin within 12 hours of smoking. In mouse cells, it has been shown that nicotine reduced the expression of adiponectin secretion. Therefore, the results of these results supports the results of previous study by Pieroni and Salmasi (2016) that smoking habit changes body weight, the inhibition of smoking directly meiate the expression f adiponectin expression in adipocytes which promote weight change. While reviewing the effect of smoking habit upon individuals physical and mental health as well as community, Wang et al., (2015) showed investigation upon the influence of retail tobacco price increase upon the smoking habits of smokers. The study was done in the context of the biggest tobacco producer and consumer in the world, China. The researchers used samples over 15 years of age for interview where they were asked about their smoking behavior is the retail price of tobacco increases. 45 % smokers replied that they would smoke fewer cigarettes, 20 % said about changing their brands and 5 % told about quitting smoking. Thus, the last group is more sensitive to quit smoking. Thus, it can be interpreted that by increasing the retail price of tobacco the Chinese government can implement a smoking prevention strategy in China. The bachelor and masters degree of nursing, both are difficult and includes frustration. In most cases, students begin to smoke to feel relaxed. In the study conducted by Fernandez et al., (2010) reviewed the smoking habits of nursing students. 28 % students declared that they are experiencing smoking. The average age of beginning of smoking habit was identified to be 14.6 years. Students also showed low nicotine dependency with less motivation for giving up smoking. However, the tobacco consumption was found to be less among health care students than the general population. Thus, anti tobacco campaign would be suitable for their health promotion. From the previous literatures, it has been revealed that smoking habit affects different biological and metabolic processes. The article by Soldin et al., (2009) showed the effect of smoking upon thyroid hormone. The serum concentration of different hormones was measured in active and passive smokers as well as nonsmokers. The results showed mild inhibitory effect of active and passive smoking upon thyroid with high T3 and T4 in nonsmokers while compared with the smokers. In addition to the severe health disorders, cigarette smoking has also significant role in oral health and oral diseases. According to the study of Agnihotri and Gaur (2014) as a result of chronic exposure to toxins, geriatric populations are suffering more from different systematic and oral disorders including tooth decay, loss of tooth, failure in implants as well as cancer. The study also showed immune-inflammatory imbalances are resulted from the enhanced oxidative stress due to smoking habits. The study highlighted the need of smoking cessation program implementation within the community for older adults. Antismoking policies are very important to prevent the health hazards related to smoking habits in the community. Kuipers, Haal and Kunst (2016) investigated the possible socioeconomic differences in the use of anti-smoking parenting strategies. In contrast to the implications for reducing smoking habits indicated in the article by Agnihotri and Gaur (2014) the current study showed that there were no socioeconomic differences in using anti-smoking parenting strategies. Pierce et al., (2012) highlighted the public health strategies which are needed to reduce smoking initiation. Here, the study highlighted the change in retail price of tobacco. Here, the study supported the recommendation provided in the article by Agnihotri and Gaur (2014). In addition Waweru et al., (2013) showed high prevalence of smokers within the HIV-positive patients, therefore, it can be said that smoking habit influence the HIV onset and related factors. Therefore, smoking-cessation strategies provided in previous articles are also useful in this context. This literature review was done on the smoking habit topic. The section highlighted the current studies based on factors contributing in smoking habit, the effects of smoking habits, the smoking habit related consequences as well as the strategies required to reduce the smoking habit. Assessment Component 2: Essay Alcohol addiction or alcoholism refers to a disease in which the individuals are affected from all spheres of life. The consumption of alcohol in large amounts can affect all body parts particularly the live, heart, pancreas, immune system and brain (Riper et al., 2014). It can also lead to lead toward mental illness, liver failure, irregular heartbeat and augmentation in the risk of developing cancer. During the period of pregnancy, it can cause severe damage to the child or offspring and resulting in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. In general, the females are more sensitive to the harmful effects of alcohol in terms of physical as well as mental aspects (O'Donnell et al., 2014). Several experts have made attempts to identify the factors such as sex, race, genetics and socioeconomic factors that may influence an individual towards alcohol. However, it is not associated with any single cause. Genetic, behavioral and psychological factors can all contribute for this condition (Friedmann, 2013). The addiction of alcohol can demonstrate itself in different ways. The severity of this condition varies from individual to individual and the frequency of alcohol consumption. Some individuals consumes heavily every day, while others binge drink and subsequently remain sober for a short time. Irrespective of how the addiction of alcohol appears, someone characteristically possesses an addiction of alcohol if intensely rely on consumption and cannot stay abstemious for an extensive period (Rehm et al., 2013). The addiction of alcohol can be complicated to identify. Unlike heroin or cocaine, alcohol is extensively obtainable and accepted in several cultures. It is frequently at the center of societal situations and strongly associated with enjoyment and celebrations. The habit of drinking alcohol is a part of living for numerous individuals. When it is widespread the the society, it could be difficult to tell the dissimilarity between someone who prefer to have a small number of drinks occasionally and someone with an actual problem (Monti et al., 2012). There are various symptoms of alcohol addiction such as enhanced frequency of use, consuming alcohol at unsuitable times, e.g. first thing after waking up from sleep in the morning, alterations in friendships, hiding alcohol, avoiding contact with the near ones, dependence on alcohol, depression, increased lethargy, and professional problems. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) driving while drunk, for instance takes 30 lives on a daily basis in the United States (Kendall Hollon, 2013).The consumption of alcohol is also related to an increased occurrence of homicide and suicide. If an individual having, an addiction towards alcohol takes unsafe risks while consuming alcohol, they can put other individuals at risk too (Patton et al., 2014). The treatment of alcohol can be complex as well as challenging. If an individual wants to be treated then he/she must be ready to get sober. They cannot be compelled to stop the habit of drinking alcohol if they are not prepared. The rate of success depends on the desire of the individual to get better (Spanagel et al., 2013). The most common option for initial treatment for an individual with addiction of alcohol is and inpatient or outpatient program of rehabilitation. Inpatient treatment can assist an individual to deal with the symptoms of withdrawal together with emotional challenges. It can last at anywhere from one month to a year. An outpatient program of treatment offers support on a daily basis while permitting the individuals to stay at home (Miller Heather, 2013). The interventions for alcohol addiction is needed when the families and friends of an alcohol addict feels that their loved ones or friend has developed a problem of drinking. The major problem with alcohol intervention and the majority of the interventions in common, are that the loved ones of the alcohol addicts frequently wait for longer durations to actually get involved. It is better to get in association with an interventionist for assistance, even if the family members and friends are not sure regarding the scope of the problem of the alcohol addict, and they should not wait for so long because if it is too late (Cronce Larimer, 2013). The primary step in the process of alcohol intervention is deciding the process logistics of together with arranging the treatment. This process is usually a structured meeting which can be initiated by a healthcare professional or an employer (Kypri et al., 2013). It is believed that that the most chances of success is when there is an involvement of the family members or friends of the alcohol addicts. This intervention aims to deal with the problem drinkers and alcoholics regarding their actions which are not accepted by their family members, friends and the society (Livingston et al., 2012). When an individuals consumption of alcohol is uncontrollable and it becomes apparent to all the individuals who are linked with the alcohol addicts that the alcohol is reaching or it has reached already into a critical position and are unwilling to seek assistance on their own, then an intervention for alcoholism may be the last option in front of the alcoholics before they reach to a point from where they cannot return at any cost (Kypri et al., 2013). The interventions of alcohol are complex and delicate subjects. Therefore, it is essential that they should be carried out in proper ways. No intervention of alcohol should be carried out without taking the advice as well counsel of a professional whom is experienced in the process of alcohol intervention. Moreover, since individuals embarking on an intervention of alcohol addiction often feel hesitant and worried, it is essential that they should have a faith on the interventionist. If the alcohol addicts feels anxious with the inter ventionist or think that they are being asked to do something which they do not understand or have the same opinion, they would be allowed to quit the process of intervention and go somewhere else (Kendall Hollon, 2013). Several individuals addicted to the habit of drinking alcohol refer to 12-step programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). There also exist other support groups which do not follow the 12-step model, such as Sober Recovery and SMART Recovery (Roerecke Rehm, 2013).SMART Recovery is an important self-empowering support group which helps to recover from addiction. The participants are taught regarding the tools of recovery from addiction based on the most recent scientific exploration and take part in a global community which comprises self-empowering, free, knowledge-based mutual aid groups. It sponsors online meetings on a daily basis and face-to-face meetings worldwide. On the other hand, sober recovery does not employ much of these procedures and is somewhat different (Hall et al., 2015). Irrespective of the kind of support system, it is helpful to get associated with at least one at the time of getting sober (Bertholet et al., 2014). The communities that are sober can assist the individuals struggling with the alcohol addiction dealing with the sobriety challenges on a daily basis. These communities can share the experiences that are relatable and could offer new, strong associations. These communities make an individual having an alcohol addiction answerable and offer a place to refer to it in cases of a relapse (Riper et al., 2014). An individual having alcohol addiction may also get advantages from the other types of treatments like counseling, drug therapy and nutritional changes (Smith et al., 2014). A drug can be prescribed by a doctor to help in certain conditions. For instance, antidepressants, if an individual having an addiction of alcohol were self-medicating for treating their depression. The doctor could also prescribe medicines to help with other emotions widespread in recovery. In order to teach an individual regarding the management of stress of recovery together with the skills required to prevent deterioration, therapy is helpful. In addition, a healthy diet could assist in managing the harms done by the effects of alcohol such as weight loss or gain (Friedmann, 2013). The addiction of alcohol may involve a variety of methods for the treatment. It is essential that each individual gets involved in a program of recovery, which will support sobriety of a long-term. This could indicate an importance on therapy for an individual who is in a state of depression, or inpatient treatment for the individuals whom are having severe symptoms of withdrawal (Spanagel et al., 2013). Early treatment for alcohol addiction is most effectual. Addictions that are present in an individual from a longer period of time are not easy to break or eliminate. The family members and friends of the individuals who are addicted towards the habit of drinking alcohol can take advantage from professional support or by taking part in some particular programs (Miller Heather, 2013). A person having addiction of alcohol who remained sober for various years or months may discover themselves taking alcohol again. He or she may binge drink on an occasion or for a period of time before getting sober once more. But deterioration does not point towards failure. It is necessary for the individual to get back on the track and restart his/her treatment (Miller Heather, 2013).Eventually, abstinence is the responsibility of an individual who is addicted towards alcohol. If the alcohol addicts feels apprehensive with the interventionist or feel that they are being asked to do something which t hey do not understand or have the same opinion, they would be allowable to quit the process of intervention and go somewhere else (Roerecke Rehm, 2013). It is essential not to eliminate negative behaviors as well as maintain suitable boundaries if the individual having the addiction of alcohol still possess the habit of drinking alcohol. This can signify cutting off monetary aid or making it complicated for them to carry out their addictive behavior. Total self-denial from alcohol is not at all times the goal of a process of treatment or intervention (Smith et al., 2014). A number of individuals would be taught about the selective behaviors of drinking and eliminate themselves from a cycle of alcohol abuse. Though, quitting the addiction of alcohol for good and agreeing to live a life of abstinence is the only means by which a number of individuals are capable of moving their past addiction of alcohol. For each individual, a team of counselors, therapists and doctors will make a decision regarding the course of treatment which is best along with the desired outcomes (Bertholet et al., 2014). In a number of cases an individual who is addicted to alcohol is not willing or ready to accept the accountability for their problems. The intervention by its own may set out problems of additional behavior that can cause difficulties in the association of the addicted individual with the team members of the intervention (Riper et al., 2014). Regardless of the outcomes of the interventions, it is essential to have patience and continue the plans to produce and deliver the results. This might help the individuals with alcohol addiction to understand the impact of their drinking behavior on their loved ones and friends, and may possibly persuade them to ultimately look for treatment (Kypri et al., 2013). In the end, it can be concluded that the treatment of alcohol addiction can be complex as well as challenging. If the individuals want to be treated then they must be ready to get sober. They cannot be compelled to stop the habit of drinking alcohol if they are not prepared. The rate of success depends on the desire of the individual to get better. The addiction of alcohol may involve a variety of methods for the treatment. It is necessary that every individual gets involved in a program of recovery, which will maintain sobriety of a long-term. 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