Review of Virginia Woolfs Shakespeares Sister - 3106 Words

Review of Virginia Woolf’s shakespeare’s sister By Gabriel Gyamfi University of Cape Coast Department of English INTRODUCTION Virginia Woolf’s ‘Shakespeare’ Sister’ is the third chapter from her literary essay A Room of One’s Own. In this chapter, which is the essay on Shakespeare’s Sister, she considers the question of why no women writers are represented in the canon of Elizabethan drama. To explore the issue, Woolf invents a fictional and mythical sister, Judith, for William Shakespeare and compares the barriers brothers and sisters would have encountered in achieving success as playwright. Imaginatively, Woolf despairs of Judith’s having possessed a genius equal to her brother’s, for her lack of education would have denied its†¦show more content†¦Due to the fact that women were not allowed the vote, this wave sought to take action and win the vote for women. One of the most famous suffrage unions which took course in this action was the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) which was founded in 1903 under the direct ion of Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter, Christabel. Other notable feminists of this period include Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Lady Stranton. The second wave was evident in the mid-20th century; that is between the 1960s and 1970s. This wave, which has continued till date, sought to campaign for legal and social equality for women as it was associated with the ideas and actions of The Women’s Liberation Movement. Adrienne Rich is a notable feminist of this period. The third wave extends from the 1990s to the present. This wave sought to alter aspects of Western society ranging from culture and concerns itself with issues such as a womans right of contract and property, a womans right to bodily integrity and autonomy (especially on matters such as reproductive rights, including the right to abortion, access to contraception and quality prenatal care) for protection from domestic violence; against sexual harassment and rape; for workplace rights, including maternity leav e and equal pay; and against other forms of discrimination. As far as the waves of feminism are concerned, four main types of feminists are identified – conservative, liberal, radical and socialist. ConservativeShow MoreRelatedAdrienne Richs Essay Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence2485 Words   |  10 Pagesdisempowers women† in her 1980 essay Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (Rich 23). What most see as a traditional way of life, Rich views as a societal mandate that serves as â€Å"a beachhead of male dominance,† (Rich 28). For a woman in Virginia Woolf’s time, â€Å"the one profession that was open to her [was] marriage,† and though females entered the public sphere as the 20th century progressed, â€Å"single women†¦are still viewed as deviant† and somewhat ostracized (Woolf 25 and Rich 30). Compulsory

The Explanation of Vygotsky and Piaget’s Theories Essay

There are many assessments of Vygotsky and Jean Piagets work during their lifetimes and deaths. Many of their theories have gone beyond what I am sure that they had expected for them too. Teachers, researchers and parents dabble in their theories of child development, social development and other theories when going about their lives. Whether it is a job or parenting it is a must to know about these two philosophers and what they believed to be real. Piaget is said to be the founder of cognitive development, he has changed the field of developmental psychology and because of him we no longer discussing strategies, rule-governed behaviors and representations but we do talk a lot about stimulus generalization, mental age, Conditioning, and†¦show more content†¦However, a child’s cognitive structures dictate nit just what they notice but what is accommodated to interpret. The nature of their intellectual commerce with the environment makes them manufacturers of their development. (Flavell, 1996) Piaget’s theory also allowed us a way to accept and understand that childrens cognitive behavior is intrinsically motivated. Social and other reinforcements do influence childrens cognitive explorations but children learn because of the way they are built. In Piaget’s mind cognitive adapts to the environment through assimilation. Also accommodation is a type of biological adaptation (Flavell, 1996). According to Piaget in order to characterize cognitive development in humans we need to understand co-present in cognitive activity which is cognitive structure (Flavell, 1996). Piaget was the first psychologist to try explaining describing cognitive development. His argument is that intellectual advances are made through the equilibration process that has three steps: the first step is for the cognitive equilibrium to de at a low development level; then, cognitive disequilibrium has to be induced by discrepant or inassimilable phenomena and lastly cognitive equilibration ha s to be at a higher developmental level. Although this model has lack of clarity and specificity, we are beginning to seeShow MoreRelatedPiaget And Vygotsky s Theories1008 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Piaget and Vygotsky Bruner (2015) discusses a time of great change in the world of psychology in Germany, America, and in Britain through contributions of several â€Å"new heroes [that] were much more holistic, much less reductionist†¦the worldwide major figures in the field of developmental psychology were now Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget†. Lourenà §o (2012) reiterated the importance of Piaget and Vygotsky as two influential developmental psychologists and added that â€Å"their contributions toRead MoreDevelopmental Theory Essay1726 Words   |  7 PagesSummary of the Contributions and Shortcomings Of Piaget’s Theory. This essay will be summarising the contributions and shortcomings of the Cognitive-Developmental theory and firstly explore the background and key concept’s of Piaget’s work behind child development. Secondly Piaget’s ideas about cognitive change and the four stages of development from birth which are the sensorimotor stage, the pre-operational stage, the concrete operational stage and the formal operational stage and how thisRead MoreDiscuss and Evaluate Vygotskys Theory of Cognitive Development966 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development (8+16) Vygotsky proposed that children’s development is affected by their culture and social interaction. He also suggested that children are not born with knowledge but they gain it through their social interactions with peers and adults; he does not rule out the importance of biological processes but proposes an interdependent relationship between biological development alongside social activity and cultural interaction. Since language isRead MoreEssay Kermit and the Keyboard from a Cognitivist Perspective840 Words   |  4 PagesLearning for Instruction (2005). Cognitive Information Processing, Piagetian Theory, and Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development are the three perspectives given on how Kermit learns to play the keyboard. These theories have similarities as well as divergent views on development. Kermit and the Keyboard from a Cognitivist Perspective Cognitive Information Processing, Piagetian Theory, and Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development explored the principles associated with human cognitiveRead MoreTheories Of Development And Development Influence Human Intelligence1676 Words   |  7 Pagestheorists that are incorporated with theories of development include Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Erik Erikson. Along with the theories of development, there are theories of learning. The four main theories include cognitive, constructivism, social cognitive, and situative. First and foremost, Jean Piaget can be considered a pioneer in psychology. His theory is considered one of the most influential and comprehensive theories of cognitive development. This theory focuses on how nature and developmentRead MoreEssay Kermit and Cognition1476 Words   |  6 Pagesare theories of learning based upon the idea that learning is an internal process rather than merely something that can be observed like behaviorism. Here I examine the three theories as they relate to a scenario of a young man attempting to learn to play a keyboard. The objective is to show the similarities and differences in the three theories and how each can be applied to a given situation. As Kermit is an adult, some of the more specific elements may or may not apply and each theory has gapsRead MoreSocial Construction of Childhood Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"childhood is understood as a social construction and appears as a specific structural and cultural component of many soc ieties†. There are many debates about the journey from the developmental psychology to sociology in childhood studies. Piaget and Vygotsky take part in developmental psychology destination which Vygotsky’s pioneering studies in related to social influences supports the idea of social constructionism. From constructivist view to social constructivist view recent perspectives argue reciprocationRead MoreSociocultural Learning Theory Essay701 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Leo Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, introduced the Sociocultural Learning Theory. His quote that â€Å"through others we become ourselves† could be the quintessence of the Sociocultural Learning Theory, which supports that learning is a social process†. This article consists of three main sections: a brief overview of sociocultural approaches; an examination of sociocultural method; and an overview of sociocultural contributions to research and applications to classroom learning and teaching. It explainsRead MoreJean Piaget And Vygotsky And Language Development In Children1748 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are two influential thinkers who have impacted the speech and language pathology field with their key theories. Piaget believed that there are four main stages in a child’s development that lead to a child learning language. Without these stages, Piaget argues that a child cannot cognitively grow at an appropriate pace (Kaderavek, 2105, p. 18 and p. 23). However, Vygotsky argues the Social Interactionist Theory, which states children develop language through social interactingRead MoreLesson Plans Based On Piaget s Vygotsky s Theoretical Perspective1301 Words   |  6 PagesLesson Plans Based on Piaget ’s and Vygotsky’s Theoretical Perspective The preschool is concerned with the child at different developmental stages (Berger, 2009). Teacher must ask herself two questions about the child at those stages. Firstly, how does the child think about and view his world? Secondly, what learning tasks should the child be given at this point in his development? To answer the questions, the teacher must orient herself to Piagetian developmental theory and sharpen her observational

Alcoholism and Smoking Clinical and Experimental Research

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Alcoholism and Smoking for Clinical and Experimental Research. Answer: Literature Review Smoking habit is a major cause of severe health issues which could lead to fatal consequences of cancer. Thus, it is one of the most important social issues which should be controlled to make the society healthy. In this context, it has been seen that teenagers are more prone to experience smoking habits, as it helps to feel relaxed in spite of their struggling and frustrating life. A number of factors are contributing in smoking habits of adolescences as well as adult population. On the other hand, smoking habit is related to a number of severe diseases like cardiovascular diseases, cancer and lung diseases. In this assessment, a systematic literature review would be done on the smoking habits with the help of previous literatures on the similar topics. It would help to establish an in-depth knowledge upon smoking habit. As it has been mentioned that there are a number of factors which are contributing in the establishment of smoking habit, the study provided by Vasilopoulos et al., (2015) has been focused upon the social influence of smoking habit upon adolescent. The samples were selected within the age group was 13-18 years. The students were asked about social influences which might shaped their smoking habits. Authors found 19.2% frequency of smoking. It has been found that 22 % girls had friends and neighbors who smoke; however, the frequency of boys was lo, 2.6%. The researchers tested the Pearson correlation between the number of friends who smoke and the frequency of smoking per day, the results was positive for both boys and girls in this age group. Thus, the researchers concluded that social influence of smoking tobacco from friend and neighbors is one of the most significant factors for promoting the smoking habits of adolescents. The researchers identified the need of comprehensive smoki ng policy development, especially for young adults to make them aware of the negative impact of smoking upon their lives. While investigating the factors and social influences of smoking habits upon the young generation, the study of Bergenwall, Kelloway and Barling (2014) has been analyzed. Here the authors considered the influence of smoking and smoking related activities upon their informal employment at early age. The study used the data from large national survey for addressing the links within early employment intensity and smoking habits in their past. The study results were supported by the previous article on smoking habits in adolescents by Vasilopoulos et al., (2015). The results showed that fifth and ninth grade children showed relation within the intensity of their informal employment and smoking history along with smoking intent. It has also been showed that the smoking habits and related employment issues are influenced by the self-esteem as well as weekly spending money. Supporting the previous literature, the authors found that the relationship between self-esteem, smoking behavior and weekly expense is being influenced by the number of parents or friends of a young individual smoke. Thus, this article highlighted the need of research regarding ethical implications of adolescents who are experiencing informal or odd employments in the context of complex consequences of a young childs exposure to early employment. In this study provided by Aristidis (2015) discussed about the promotion of smoking habits through music. In the previous literatures, the social and other influences of smoking has been analyzed. Here, the researchers identified a unique factor, music. Usually, music has a significant effect upon mental, emotional and social development of people. Music has been shown to contribute in health promotion, rehabilitation, socialization activities and human well-being. However, the effect of music on human behavior can be expressed differently. It has been seen that the promotion of smoking through music has a direct effect on tobacco addiction patterns and adoption behavior. The researchers gathered data from different musical foundations via questionnaire which included 400 English language songs and 400 Greek songs. IT has been revealed that 45 % Greek songs and 55 % English songs exhibited smoking habits along with alcohol consumption; however, anti-smoking messages were not shown in any track. Thus, in addition to the previous two literatures, this literature contributed in another social factor which promote smoking habit. While investigating the cigarette smoking habits and the contribution of different factors in smoking habits, Asghari et al., (2015) focused on investigation of the effect of cigarette smoking habit on quality of sleep. The study used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for assessing sleep. The study included 18 to 98 years people excluding the night shift workers. The PSQI components consisted quality of sleep, use of sedative medication, duration and global PSQI score. The results showed that the score was significantly poorer while compared to the nonsmokers. It has also been found in the results that the number of cigarettes smoked by an individual per day is directly proportional to the increased PQSI score. Therefore, it was concluded that PQSI global score that reflected the quality of sleep was poor in the case of smokers having an experience of at least one month. Therefore, it can be said that only one-month experience of cigarette smoking can have significant impact upon biological clock of an individual including sleeping behavior. A number of studies have investigated the relationship between smoking habit and health related quality of life. However, the results were no consistent. Thus, Becona et al., (2013) attempted to develop a cross-sectional study to investigate the smoking-related variables and their effect upon their health related quality of life (HRQOL). The study results supported the results found in the previous article by Asghari et al., (2015). The results found that the mental component of HRQOL scale showed worse results for the nicotine dependent smokers in comparison to the never smokers. However, no physical disadvantage was identified with nicotine dependence score. On the other hand, they found no difference between the score of never smokers and no-nicotine smokers. In addition, they found no relation of number of cigarettes per day, attempts to quit smoking in last few years, age of smoking onset, stage of change with the HRQOL scores. Thus, it was concluded that nicotine-dependent smok ing has a significant impact upon the health related quality of life of an individual which has a similarity with the act found in the previous literature that smoking has an effect upon sleeping behavior. However, in contrast to this article, the article by Asghari et al., (2015) showed effect of all kinds of smoking upon sleeping behavior. Scaglia et al., (2016) investigate the effect of smoking habit at molecular level. Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have a significant link with the several diseases, such a smoking. Using a cross sectional study, the major PUFAs in RBC are measured. ANCOA model was used for comparing the data between smokers and non-smokers. The results found high consumption of PUFAs by non-smokers, like salmon fish, the consumption of PUFAs was found to be half in the case of smokers in comparison to the non-smokers. The researchers interpreted that PUFAs might interfere with the smoking habit. Therefore, it was interpreted that omega-3 consumption can be used as a prevention procedure against smoking habit. After investigating the factors contributing in the smoking habits, now the effect of smoking habits would be analyzed. In the article provided by Pieroni and Salmasi (2016) showed the effect of smoking habit changes upon the body weight of individual. The study modeled the effect of smoking habit changes including attempts of quitting or reducing smoking upon the heterogeneous responses regarding change in body mass. The results revealed positive impact of smoking quitting upon changes in body weight. It has been revealed that quitting smoking increased in highest quintiles, but the reduction of smoking did not affect the body weight; however, the results showed no effect of decision of smoking reduction upon body weight. Adiponectin is a biological molecule having significant contribution in obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. In addition, smoking habit has also been seen to contribute in severe health issues like cardiovascular diseases or hypertension. The study by Iwashima et al., (2005) attempted to investigate the association between smoking habit and adiponecin concentration. The experiment was done on male subjects experiencing chronic smoking exposure. It has been seen that the plasma adiponectin level was significantly lower in smokers in comparison to the never smokers. In addition to these results, the current smokers also showed a significant level of decrease in plasma adiponectin within 12 hours of smoking. In mouse cells, it has been shown that nicotine reduced the expression of adiponectin secretion. Therefore, the results of these results supports the results of previous study by Pieroni and Salmasi (2016) that smoking habit changes body weight, the inhibition of smoking directly meiate the expression f adiponectin expression in adipocytes which promote weight change. While reviewing the effect of smoking habit upon individuals physical and mental health as well as community, Wang et al., (2015) showed investigation upon the influence of retail tobacco price increase upon the smoking habits of smokers. The study was done in the context of the biggest tobacco producer and consumer in the world, China. The researchers used samples over 15 years of age for interview where they were asked about their smoking behavior is the retail price of tobacco increases. 45 % smokers replied that they would smoke fewer cigarettes, 20 % said about changing their brands and 5 % told about quitting smoking. Thus, the last group is more sensitive to quit smoking. Thus, it can be interpreted that by increasing the retail price of tobacco the Chinese government can implement a smoking prevention strategy in China. The bachelor and masters degree of nursing, both are difficult and includes frustration. In most cases, students begin to smoke to feel relaxed. In the study conducted by Fernandez et al., (2010) reviewed the smoking habits of nursing students. 28 % students declared that they are experiencing smoking. The average age of beginning of smoking habit was identified to be 14.6 years. Students also showed low nicotine dependency with less motivation for giving up smoking. However, the tobacco consumption was found to be less among health care students than the general population. Thus, anti tobacco campaign would be suitable for their health promotion. From the previous literatures, it has been revealed that smoking habit affects different biological and metabolic processes. The article by Soldin et al., (2009) showed the effect of smoking upon thyroid hormone. The serum concentration of different hormones was measured in active and passive smokers as well as nonsmokers. The results showed mild inhibitory effect of active and passive smoking upon thyroid with high T3 and T4 in nonsmokers while compared with the smokers. In addition to the severe health disorders, cigarette smoking has also significant role in oral health and oral diseases. According to the study of Agnihotri and Gaur (2014) as a result of chronic exposure to toxins, geriatric populations are suffering more from different systematic and oral disorders including tooth decay, loss of tooth, failure in implants as well as cancer. The study also showed immune-inflammatory imbalances are resulted from the enhanced oxidative stress due to smoking habits. The study highlighted the need of smoking cessation program implementation within the community for older adults. Antismoking policies are very important to prevent the health hazards related to smoking habits in the community. Kuipers, Haal and Kunst (2016) investigated the possible socioeconomic differences in the use of anti-smoking parenting strategies. In contrast to the implications for reducing smoking habits indicated in the article by Agnihotri and Gaur (2014) the current study showed that there were no socioeconomic differences in using anti-smoking parenting strategies. Pierce et al., (2012) highlighted the public health strategies which are needed to reduce smoking initiation. Here, the study highlighted the change in retail price of tobacco. Here, the study supported the recommendation provided in the article by Agnihotri and Gaur (2014). In addition Waweru et al., (2013) showed high prevalence of smokers within the HIV-positive patients, therefore, it can be said that smoking habit influence the HIV onset and related factors. Therefore, smoking-cessation strategies provided in previous articles are also useful in this context. This literature review was done on the smoking habit topic. The section highlighted the current studies based on factors contributing in smoking habit, the effects of smoking habits, the smoking habit related consequences as well as the strategies required to reduce the smoking habit. Assessment Component 2: Essay Alcohol addiction or alcoholism refers to a disease in which the individuals are affected from all spheres of life. The consumption of alcohol in large amounts can affect all body parts particularly the live, heart, pancreas, immune system and brain (Riper et al., 2014). It can also lead to lead toward mental illness, liver failure, irregular heartbeat and augmentation in the risk of developing cancer. During the period of pregnancy, it can cause severe damage to the child or offspring and resulting in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. In general, the females are more sensitive to the harmful effects of alcohol in terms of physical as well as mental aspects (O'Donnell et al., 2014). Several experts have made attempts to identify the factors such as sex, race, genetics and socioeconomic factors that may influence an individual towards alcohol. However, it is not associated with any single cause. Genetic, behavioral and psychological factors can all contribute for this condition (Friedmann, 2013). The addiction of alcohol can demonstrate itself in different ways. The severity of this condition varies from individual to individual and the frequency of alcohol consumption. Some individuals consumes heavily every day, while others binge drink and subsequently remain sober for a short time. Irrespective of how the addiction of alcohol appears, someone characteristically possesses an addiction of alcohol if intensely rely on consumption and cannot stay abstemious for an extensive period (Rehm et al., 2013). The addiction of alcohol can be complicated to identify. Unlike heroin or cocaine, alcohol is extensively obtainable and accepted in several cultures. It is frequently at the center of societal situations and strongly associated with enjoyment and celebrations. The habit of drinking alcohol is a part of living for numerous individuals. When it is widespread the the society, it could be difficult to tell the dissimilarity between someone who prefer to have a small number of drinks occasionally and someone with an actual problem (Monti et al., 2012). There are various symptoms of alcohol addiction such as enhanced frequency of use, consuming alcohol at unsuitable times, e.g. first thing after waking up from sleep in the morning, alterations in friendships, hiding alcohol, avoiding contact with the near ones, dependence on alcohol, depression, increased lethargy, and professional problems. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) driving while drunk, for instance takes 30 lives on a daily basis in the United States (Kendall Hollon, 2013).The consumption of alcohol is also related to an increased occurrence of homicide and suicide. If an individual having, an addiction towards alcohol takes unsafe risks while consuming alcohol, they can put other individuals at risk too (Patton et al., 2014). The treatment of alcohol can be complex as well as challenging. If an individual wants to be treated then he/she must be ready to get sober. They cannot be compelled to stop the habit of drinking alcohol if they are not prepared. The rate of success depends on the desire of the individual to get better (Spanagel et al., 2013). The most common option for initial treatment for an individual with addiction of alcohol is and inpatient or outpatient program of rehabilitation. Inpatient treatment can assist an individual to deal with the symptoms of withdrawal together with emotional challenges. It can last at anywhere from one month to a year. An outpatient program of treatment offers support on a daily basis while permitting the individuals to stay at home (Miller Heather, 2013). The interventions for alcohol addiction is needed when the families and friends of an alcohol addict feels that their loved ones or friend has developed a problem of drinking. The major problem with alcohol intervention and the majority of the interventions in common, are that the loved ones of the alcohol addicts frequently wait for longer durations to actually get involved. It is better to get in association with an interventionist for assistance, even if the family members and friends are not sure regarding the scope of the problem of the alcohol addict, and they should not wait for so long because if it is too late (Cronce Larimer, 2013). The primary step in the process of alcohol intervention is deciding the process logistics of together with arranging the treatment. This process is usually a structured meeting which can be initiated by a healthcare professional or an employer (Kypri et al., 2013). It is believed that that the most chances of success is when there is an involvement of the family members or friends of the alcohol addicts. This intervention aims to deal with the problem drinkers and alcoholics regarding their actions which are not accepted by their family members, friends and the society (Livingston et al., 2012). When an individuals consumption of alcohol is uncontrollable and it becomes apparent to all the individuals who are linked with the alcohol addicts that the alcohol is reaching or it has reached already into a critical position and are unwilling to seek assistance on their own, then an intervention for alcoholism may be the last option in front of the alcoholics before they reach to a point from where they cannot return at any cost (Kypri et al., 2013). The interventions of alcohol are complex and delicate subjects. Therefore, it is essential that they should be carried out in proper ways. No intervention of alcohol should be carried out without taking the advice as well counsel of a professional whom is experienced in the process of alcohol intervention. Moreover, since individuals embarking on an intervention of alcohol addiction often feel hesitant and worried, it is essential that they should have a faith on the interventionist. If the alcohol addicts feels anxious with the inter ventionist or think that they are being asked to do something which they do not understand or have the same opinion, they would be allowed to quit the process of intervention and go somewhere else (Kendall Hollon, 2013). Several individuals addicted to the habit of drinking alcohol refer to 12-step programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). There also exist other support groups which do not follow the 12-step model, such as Sober Recovery and SMART Recovery (Roerecke Rehm, 2013).SMART Recovery is an important self-empowering support group which helps to recover from addiction. The participants are taught regarding the tools of recovery from addiction based on the most recent scientific exploration and take part in a global community which comprises self-empowering, free, knowledge-based mutual aid groups. It sponsors online meetings on a daily basis and face-to-face meetings worldwide. On the other hand, sober recovery does not employ much of these procedures and is somewhat different (Hall et al., 2015). Irrespective of the kind of support system, it is helpful to get associated with at least one at the time of getting sober (Bertholet et al., 2014). The communities that are sober can assist the individuals struggling with the alcohol addiction dealing with the sobriety challenges on a daily basis. These communities can share the experiences that are relatable and could offer new, strong associations. These communities make an individual having an alcohol addiction answerable and offer a place to refer to it in cases of a relapse (Riper et al., 2014). An individual having alcohol addiction may also get advantages from the other types of treatments like counseling, drug therapy and nutritional changes (Smith et al., 2014). A drug can be prescribed by a doctor to help in certain conditions. For instance, antidepressants, if an individual having an addiction of alcohol were self-medicating for treating their depression. The doctor could also prescribe medicines to help with other emotions widespread in recovery. In order to teach an individual regarding the management of stress of recovery together with the skills required to prevent deterioration, therapy is helpful. In addition, a healthy diet could assist in managing the harms done by the effects of alcohol such as weight loss or gain (Friedmann, 2013). The addiction of alcohol may involve a variety of methods for the treatment. It is essential that each individual gets involved in a program of recovery, which will support sobriety of a long-term. This could indicate an importance on therapy for an individual who is in a state of depression, or inpatient treatment for the individuals whom are having severe symptoms of withdrawal (Spanagel et al., 2013). Early treatment for alcohol addiction is most effectual. Addictions that are present in an individual from a longer period of time are not easy to break or eliminate. The family members and friends of the individuals who are addicted towards the habit of drinking alcohol can take advantage from professional support or by taking part in some particular programs (Miller Heather, 2013). A person having addiction of alcohol who remained sober for various years or months may discover themselves taking alcohol again. He or she may binge drink on an occasion or for a period of time before getting sober once more. But deterioration does not point towards failure. It is necessary for the individual to get back on the track and restart his/her treatment (Miller Heather, 2013).Eventually, abstinence is the responsibility of an individual who is addicted towards alcohol. If the alcohol addicts feels apprehensive with the interventionist or feel that they are being asked to do something which t hey do not understand or have the same opinion, they would be allowable to quit the process of intervention and go somewhere else (Roerecke Rehm, 2013). It is essential not to eliminate negative behaviors as well as maintain suitable boundaries if the individual having the addiction of alcohol still possess the habit of drinking alcohol. This can signify cutting off monetary aid or making it complicated for them to carry out their addictive behavior. Total self-denial from alcohol is not at all times the goal of a process of treatment or intervention (Smith et al., 2014). A number of individuals would be taught about the selective behaviors of drinking and eliminate themselves from a cycle of alcohol abuse. Though, quitting the addiction of alcohol for good and agreeing to live a life of abstinence is the only means by which a number of individuals are capable of moving their past addiction of alcohol. For each individual, a team of counselors, therapists and doctors will make a decision regarding the course of treatment which is best along with the desired outcomes (Bertholet et al., 2014). In a number of cases an individual who is addicted to alcohol is not willing or ready to accept the accountability for their problems. The intervention by its own may set out problems of additional behavior that can cause difficulties in the association of the addicted individual with the team members of the intervention (Riper et al., 2014). Regardless of the outcomes of the interventions, it is essential to have patience and continue the plans to produce and deliver the results. This might help the individuals with alcohol addiction to understand the impact of their drinking behavior on their loved ones and friends, and may possibly persuade them to ultimately look for treatment (Kypri et al., 2013). In the end, it can be concluded that the treatment of alcohol addiction can be complex as well as challenging. If the individuals want to be treated then they must be ready to get sober. They cannot be compelled to stop the habit of drinking alcohol if they are not prepared. The rate of success depends on the desire of the individual to get better. The addiction of alcohol may involve a variety of methods for the treatment. It is necessary that every individual gets involved in a program of recovery, which will maintain sobriety of a long-term. This could signify an importance on therapy for an individual who is in a state of depression, or inpatient treatment for the individuals whom are having severe symptoms of withdrawal. Hence, the professionals together with the family members and friends should mutually make efforts to help the alcohol addicts in eliminating the behavior of drinking. References Bertholet, N., Palfai, T., Gaume, J., Daeppen, J. B., Saitz, R. (2014). Do brief alcohol motivational interventions work like we think they do?.Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research,38(3), 853-859. Cronce, J. M., Larimer, M. E. (2013).Interventions For Addiction: Chapter 81. Individual Prevention of College Student Alcohol Misuse. Elsevier Inc. Chapters. Friedmann, P. D. (2013). Alcohol use in adults.New England Journal of Medicine,368(4), 365-373. Hall, W., Carter, A., Forlini, C. (2015). The brain disease model of addiction: is it supported by the evidence and has it delivered on its promises?.The Lancet Psychiatry,2(1), 105-110. Kendall, P. C., Hollon, S. D. (Eds.). (2013).Cognitive-behavioral interventions: Theory, research, and procedures(Vol. 21). Academic Press. Kypri, K., McCambridge, J., Vater, T., Bowe, S. J., Saunders, J. B., Cunningham, J. A., Horton, N. J. (2013). Webà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based alcohol intervention for MÄ ori university students: doubleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ blind, multià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ site randomized controlled trial.Addiction,108(2), 331-338. Livingston, J. D., Milne, T., Fang, M. L., Amari, E. (2012). The effectiveness of interventions for reducing stigma related to substance use disorders: a systematic review.Addiction,107(1), 39-50. Miller, W. R., Heather, N. (Eds.). (2013).Treating addictive behaviors: Processes of change(Vol. 13). Springer Science Business Media. Monti, P. M., Colby, S. M., Tevyaw, T. A. L. (Eds.). (2012).Adolescents, alcohol, and substance abuse: Reaching teens through brief interventions. Guilford Press. O'Donnell, A., Anderson, P., Newbury-Birch, D., Schulte, B., Schmidt, C., Reimer, J., Kaner, E. (2014). The impact of brief alcohol interventions in primary healthcare: a systematic review of reviews.Alcohol and alcoholism,49(1), 66-78. Patton, R., Deluca, P., Kaner, E., Newbury-Birch, D., Phillips, T., Drummond, C. (2014). Alcohol screening and brief intervention for adolescents: the how, what and where of reducing alcohol consumption and related harm among young people.Alcohol and alcoholism,49(2), 207-212. Rehm, J., Shield, K. D., Gmel, G., Rehm, M. X., Frick, U. (2013). Modeling the impact of alcohol dependence on mortality burden and the effect of available treatment interventions in the European Union.European Neuropsychopharmacology,23(2), 89-97. Riper, H., Blankers, M., Hadiwijaya, H., Cunningham, J., Clarke, S., Wiers, R., ... Cuijpers, P. (2014). Effectiveness of guided and unguided low-intensity internet interventions for adult alcohol misuse: a meta-analysis.PLoS One,9(6), e99912. Roerecke, M., Rehm, J. (2013). Alcohol use disorders and mortality: a systematic review and metaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ analysis.Addiction,108(9), 1562-1578. Smith, N., Hill, R., Marshall, J., Keaney, F., Wanigaratne, S. (2014). Sleep related beliefs and their association with alcohol relapse following residential alcohol detoxification treatment.Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy,42(05), 593-604. Spanagel, R., Durstewitz, D., Hansson, A., Heinz, A., Kiefer, F., Khr, G., ... Rietschel, M. (2013). A systems medicine research approach for studying alcohol addiction.Addiction biology,18(6), 883-896. Agnihotri, R., Gaur, S. (2014). Implications of tobacco smoking on the oral health of older adults.Geriatrics gerontology international,14(3), 526-540. Aristidis, V. (2015). The Promotion of Smoking Habit through Music: Pilot Study.Health Science Journal. 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The bluest eye 4 Essay Example For Students

The bluest eye 4 Essay THE BLUEST EYEThe Bluest Eye is a complex book. Substance wise it is a disturbing yet relatively easy read, but Toni Morrison plays with the narrative structure in a way so that complexity is added to the hidden depth of the text. From the beginning to the end of the book, the author takes the reader through a series of point of views that take turns in narrating the story. But by the end of the book, the author leaves the reader unclear on who the actual main character of the book is. Pecola Breedlove, although never the narrator, seems to be the constant victim and equally the main character of the story. We will write a custom essay on The bluest eye 4 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Many readers can see the book as a story about Claudia MacTeer, who is the main narrator of the book, but most everything she narrates has a direct tie to Pecola’s life. From the very start, Claudia describes the home environment in which she lives in. That home environment is linked to how Pecola comes to live with them and what affect the two had on each other. Pecola’s presence slightly foreshadows her future longing for blue eyes by showing the great interest she had in Shirley Temple, who was known for being a pretty white girl. Claudia then goes into a series of stories and descriptions of what type of environment Pecola must live in at her own home. She describes the abandoned store in which the Breedlove family lives in and the terrible condition of the furniture, which reflects the type of family the Breedloves are. Whether it was Claudia or another unknown third person narrator, a specific situation is described in a brutal manner of exactly what type of envir onment exists in Pecola’s home. The situation was where Cholly and Polly fight each other with little hesitation or thought, and the brief narration ends with how Pecola is affected by such actions. Claudia’s experiences are even more tied to Pecola’s life through the events that occurred with Maureen Peal. Claudia begins describing Maureen as her own enemy but soon enough Maureen is introduced into Pecola’s life along with the point of view she had upon the ugly child. Maureen was fascinated by Pecola, which represents one of the many characters who looked down upon her. Along with the narration of Claudia and the third person, Cholly and Polly have a significant representation in the story. The springtime is used to represent the birth of new love and appropriately the origins of Cholly and Polly is the main story. The chapter describes how the two were in love and describes in depth the growth of both. Rather than being seen as a story of another character, the origins of Cholly and Polly can be seen as the explanation of Pecola and her condition, which heightens the idea of Pecola being the main character. Starting from birth, Cholly was abandoned, he then abandoned his own life in search of his father. The cruelty of his father had a big impact on the future of Cholly and the life he led as an adult. Cholly never had a father figure in his life and so he never learned to become a father, which became a proponent of Pecola’s psychological downfall. Polly as a child always played the role of a housewife. She had great aspirations of one day meeting her prince and living a wonderful life. She thought she found him in Cholly when he came along and cared for her la me foot, but as she and Cholly began to have more problems, she began to take out her anger for Cholly onto her children. Quickly, the Breedlove household became full of hate and that hate was thrown onto the innocent Pecola. Throughout the entire book though, different characters laid their hate and insecurity upon the innocence of Pecola. .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134 , .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134 .postImageUrl , .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134 , .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134:hover , .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134:visited , .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134:active { border:0!important; } .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134:active , .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134 .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u80e9cdfad08575d23856118ddd4b0134:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Paradox Of The Republic EssayMore than simply specific characters, by the end of the book, Pecola became the scapegoat of the entire town, â€Å"She be lucky if it don’t live. Bound to be the ugliest thing walking. Can’t help but be. Ought to be a law: two ugly people doubling up like that to make more ugly. Be better off in the ground.† (pg.189-90) Pecola continues to stay as the focus of the story but plays more a character that makes the town feel better about themselves by looking down upon Pecola. Regardless the negative or positive light Pecola is seen in, she is the main character to whom the story belongs. Even though Pecola had no narrative role in the story, she still was the main character. The author’s use of narrative structure that confuses the reader of who the main character was purposely done so to effectively portray Pecola as a character that no one actually knows personally yet can easily hate or love. Pecola’s experiences would have less meaning coming from Pecola herself because a total and complete victim as herself would be an unreliable narrator to relate the actual circumstances of the story. The author also makes it difficult to determine whom the main character is in order to keep the reader as an observer and to draw more emotion for Pecola because consistently throughout the book the reader pities the innocence of Pecola.

Using the Spanish Verb Pedir

Using the Spanish Verb Pedir The verb pedir is used to refer to the making of requests and is typically translated as to ask for or to request. It should not be confused with preguntar, which usually means to ask a question. Translating Pedir Keep in mind that if using pedir to mean to ask for, you shouldnt translate the for separately, as its meaning is already included in the verb. If youre a beginner at learning Spanish, it may help you to think of pedir as meaning to request, because the sentence structure you use with that English translation may more closely mimic the Spanish sentence structure. For example: Mis hijas me pidieron que les escribiera un libro. Both  My daughters asked me to write a book for them, and  My daughters requested that I write them a book are good translations. The two English sentences have the same meaning, but the second one is worded more similarly to the Spanish. Here are some examples of pedir in action: El gobierno pidià ³ la ayuda para los damnificados por el huracn. (The government asked for help for the hurricane victims.) ¿Es malo si mi enamorada me pide dinero para resolver sus problemas? (Is it bad if my sweetheart is asking me for money in order to solve her problems?)No pidas eso. (Dont ask for that.)No pido el dinero para mà ­. (Im not asking for the money for myself.)Pidieron un coche y salieron de prisa. (They asked for a car and left in a hurry.) ¿Quà © pides para tu cumpleaà ±os? (What are you asking for for your birthday?) Note that pedir que is followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood: Te pido que me escuches. (Im asking you to listen to me.)Pediremos que se reconozca el resultado de la eleccià ³n. (We will ask that the outcome of the election be recognized.)Nunca he pedido que me manden estos libros. (I have never asked them to send me these books.) Although to request or to ask for nearly always works as a translation, in some contexts it is sometimes better translated with a different verb. For example, pedir  can sometimes have a stronger meaning than ask: Un tercio de los votantes pidieron un cambio radical. (A third of the voters called for a radical change.)Mi jefe con rabia pudo haber borrado los archivos. (My boss angrily demanded to have the files be erased.) Pedir can also be used to refer to the ordering of merchandise or services: Me pongo muy triste cuando quiero pedir pizza y no tengo dinero. (I get very sad when I want to order pizza and I dont have any money.)Lo pidieron tarde por internet y no llegà ³ a tiempo. (They ordered it late online and it didnt arrive on time.) Phrases Using Pedir Here are some common phrases using pedir: pedir un deseo: to make a wish.  ¿Quà © pasa con las monedas que tiramos en las fuentes cuando pedimos un deseo? (What happens with the coins we throw in fountains when we make a wish?pedir la mano de:  to ask for someones hand in marriage. Le pedà ­ la mano de mi esposa en la estacià ³n del tren. (I asked for my wifes hand in marriage at the train station.)pedir justicia:  to seek justice, to demand justice. Los manifestantes piden justicia para el hombre que murià ³. (The demonstrators are demanding justice for the man who died.)pedir la Luna:  to ask for the moon, to ask for something impossible. Nuestros clientes no piden la Luna. Simplemente quieren disfrutar de un servicio rpido. (Our customers arent asking for the moon. They simply want to enjoy quick service.)pedir perdà ³n:  To ask for forgiveness, to apologize. Me pide perdà ³n por haberme hecho tanto daà ±o. (She apologized for having caused me so much harm.)pedir permiso:  to ask for permission. Nunca l e hemos pedido permiso a nadie. (We have never asked for permission from anybody.) Conjugation of Pedir Keep in mind that pedir is conjugated irregularly, following the pattern of vestir. When the -e- of the stem is stressed, it becomes an -i-. For example, here is the conjugation of the present-tense indicative mood: yo pido (I request), tà º pides (you request), usted/à ©l/ella pide (you/he/she request), nosotros/as pedimos (we request), vosotros/as pedà ­s (you request), ustedes/ellos/ellas piden (you/they request).

Biography of Jay Gould, Notorious Robber Baron

Biography of Jay Gould, Notorious Robber Baron Jay Gould (born Jason  Gould; May 27, 1836–December 2, 1892) was a businessman who came to personify the robber baron in the late 19th century. Over the course of his career, Gould made and lost several fortunes as a railroad executive, financier, and speculator. Gould had a reputation for ruthless business tactics, many of which would be illegal today,  and during his lifetime he was often thought to be the most despised man in the nation. Fast Facts: Jay Gould Known For:  Jay Gould was known as an unscrupulous robber baron in the late 19th century.Also Known As:  Jason  GouldBorn:  May 27, 1836 in Roxbury, New YorkParents: Mary More and John Burr Gould  Died:  December 2, 1892 in New York, New YorkEducation: Local schools, Hobart Academy, self-taught in surveying and mathematicsPublished Works:  History of Delaware County, and Border Wars of New YorkSpouse(s): Helen Day MillerChildren: George Jay Gould I, Edwin Gould, Sr., Helen Gould, Howard, Gould, Anna Gould, Frank Jay GouldNotable Quote: My idea is, that if capital and labor are left alone they will mutually regulate each other. Early Life Jayson â€Å"Jay† Gould was born into a farming family in Roxbury, New York, on May 27, 1836. He attended a local school and learned basic subjects. He was self-taught in surveying and in his late teens he was employed making maps of counties in New York State. He also worked for a time in a blacksmith shop before becoming involved in a leather tanning business in northern Pennsylvania. Wall Street Gould moved to New York City in the 1850s and began learning the ways of Wall Street. The stock market was largely unregulated at the time, and Gould became adept at manipulating stocks. Gould was ruthless at using techniques such as cornering a stock, by which he could drive prices up and ruin speculators who were â€Å"short† on the stock, betting the price would go down. It was widely believed that Gould would bribe politicians and judges and was thereby able to skirt whatever laws might have curtailed his unethical practices. A story that circulated in Goulds time about his early career was that he led his partner in the leather business, Charles Leupp, into reckless stock transactions. Goulds unscrupulous activities led to Leupps financial ruin, and he killed himself in his mansion on Madison Avenue in New York City. The Erie War In 1867 Gould obtained a position on the board of the Erie Railroad and began working with Daniel Drew, who had been manipulating stocks on Wall Street for decades. Drew controlled the railroad, along with a younger associate, the flamboyant Jim Fisk. Gould and Fisk were nearly opposite in character, but they became friends and partners. Fisk was prone to attracting attention with very public stunts. And while Gould genuinely seemed to like Fisk, historians speculate that Gould saw value in having a partner who drew attention away from him. With scheming led by Gould, the men became involved in a war for control of the Erie Railroad with the richest man in America, Cornelius Vanderbilt. The Erie War played out as a bizarre spectacle of business intrigue and public drama. At one point, Gould, Fisk, and Drew fled to a hotel in New Jersey to be beyond the reach of the New York legal authorities. As Fisk put on a public show, giving lively interviews to the press, Gould arranged to bribe politicians in Albany, New York, the state capital. The struggle for control of the railroad finally reached a confusing end, as Gould and Fisk met with Vanderbilt and worked out an agreement. Ultimately the railroad fell into the hands of Gould, though he was happy to let Fisk, dubbed the â€Å"Prince of Erie,† be its public face. The Gold Corner In the late 1860s, Gould noticed some quirks in the way the gold market fluctuated, and he devised a scheme to corner gold. The intricate scheme would allow Gould essentially to control the gold supply in America, which would mean he could influence the entire national economy. Gould’s plot could only work if the federal government chose not to sell gold reserves while Gould and his cronies were working to drive up the price. To sideline the Treasury Department, Gould  bribed officials in the federal government, including a relative of President Ulysses S. Grant. The plan to corner gold went into effect in September 1869. On a day that would become known as â€Å"Black Friday,† September 24, 1869, the price of gold began to rise and a panic ensued on Wall Street. By midday, Gould’s plan unraveled as the federal government began to sell gold on  the market, driving down the price. Though Gould and his partner Fisk had caused a major disruption to the economy, and a number of speculators were ruined, the two men still walked away with a profit estimated in the millions of dollars. There were investigations into what had unfolded, but Gould had carefully covered his tracks. He was not prosecuted for violating any laws. The Black Friday gold panic made Gould more wealthy and more famous, though throughout this episode he generally tried to avoid publicity. As ever, he preferred that his gregarious partner, Jim Fisk, deal with the press. Gould and the Railroads Gould and Fisk ran the Erie Railroad until 1872, when Fisk, whose private life had become the subject of countless newspaper headlines, was murdered in a Manhattan hotel. As Fisk lay dying, Gould rushed to his side, as did another friend, William M. â€Å"Boss† Tweed, the leader of Tammany Hall, New York’s infamous political machine. Following the death of Fisk, Gould was ousted as head of the Erie Railroad. But he remained active in the railroad business, buying and selling vast amounts of railroad stock. In the 1870s, Gould bought up various railroads during a time when a financial panic drove down prices. He understood that railroads needed to expand in the West and that demand for reliable transportation across great distances would outlive any financial instabilities. As the American economy improved by the end of the decade, he sold much of his stock, amassing a fortune. When the prices of stocks dropped again, he began acquiring railroads again. In a familiar pattern, it seemed that no matter how the economy performed, Gould wound up on the winning side. More Questionable Associations In the 1880s, Gould became involved in transportation in New York City, operating an elevated railroad in Manhattan. He also bought the American Union Telegraph company, which he merged with Western Union. By the late 1880s, Gould dominated much of the transportation and communication infrastructure of the United States. In one shady episode, Gould became involved with businessman Cyrus Field, who decades earlier had masterminded the creation of the transatlantic telegraph cable. It was believed that Gould led Field into investment schemes that proved ruinous. Field lost his fortune, and Gould, as ever, seemed to profit. Gould also became known as an associate of New York City police detective Thomas Byrnes. It eventually came to light that Byrnes, though he always worked on a modest public salary, was quite wealthy and had considerable holdings in Manhattan real estate. Byrnes explained that for years his friend Jay Gould had given him stock tips. It was widely suspected that Gould had been giving Byrnes inside information on upcoming stock deals as bribes. As with so many other incidents and relations, rumors swirled around Gould, but nothing was ever proven in court. Marriage and Home Life Gould was married in 1863, and he and his wife had six children. His personal life was relatively quiet. As he prospered, he lived in a mansion on New York City’s Fifth Avenue but seemed uninterested in flaunting his wealth. His great hobby was raising orchids in a greenhouse attached to his mansion. Death When Gould died of tuberculosis, on December 2, 1892, his death was front-page news. The newspapers ran lengthy accounts of his career and noted that his wealth was probably close to $100 million. The lengthy front-page obituary in Joseph Pulitzers New York Evening World indicated the essential conflict of Goulds life. The newspaper referred to Jay Goulds Wonderful Career in a headline. But it also recounted the old scandal of how he had destroyed the life of his early business partner Charles Leupp. Legacy Gould has generally been depicted as a dark force in American life, a stock manipulator whose methods would not be allowed in today’s world of securities regulation. A perfect villain in his time, he was portrayed in political cartoons drawn by artists such as Thomas Nast as running with bags of money in his hands. History’s verdict on Gould has been no kinder than the newspapers of his own era. However, some historians claim that he was unfairly portrayed as being more villainous than he really was. Other historians argue that his business activities did, in reality, perform useful functions, such as greatly improving railroad service in the West. Sources Geisst, Charles R.  Monopolies in America: Empire Builders and Their Enemies, from Jay Gould to Bill Gates.  Oxford University Press, 2000.â€Å"Jay Gould: Financier in the Age of Robber Barons.†Ã‚  Jay Gould: Financier in the Age of Robber Barons, www.u-s-history.com/pages/h866.html.Hoyt, Edwin P.  The Goulds: A Social History. Weybright and Talley, 1969.Klein, Maury.  The Life and Legend of Jay Gould.  Baltimore, Johns Hopkins  University Press, 1986.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statement Essay

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statement - Essay Example In the statements of financial position, the Johnson’s Company is kept separately from its owners. The owners’ equity is made as an independent entity in the statement of financial position and classified under liabilities. In the year ended 2003, the Johnson’s Company had total stockholder’s equity worth $900,082. Among this were 7% preferred stock worth $300,000, common stock worth $400,000 and additional paid-in capital worth $737,500. The going concern concept states that the firm remains in operation till the future. The business will continue running for a fairy long time and that it has no intention of scaling down its operations. Therefore, preparation of statements of the financial position of The Johnson’s Company is made under this concept. It is against this concept that it justifies charging depreciation over the entire life of an asset. The total accumulated depreciation of plant, property and equipment for The Johnson’s Company in the year ended 2003 was worth $634,600. There is also the monetary measurement concept. This concept states that accounting should be done only to those items that are measurable in monetary terms / monetary value can be attached. The Johnson’s Company follows the monetary measurement concept by recording all its transactions and assets in monetary terms. This makes it easy to calculate profits and show the financial position of a business. The historical cost concept assumes that assets are entered in books of accounting at the cost at which they were initially acquired. The Johnson’s Company records its transactions while following the historical cost concept. All the assets are entered in the statements of financial position in their initial cost of acquisition. According to the accounting period concept, business life is divided into segments in order to study the results shown in financial statements after

Outsourcing the positive and negative affects; purchasing and supply Research Paper

Outsourcing the positive and negative affects; purchasing and supply chain management - Research Paper Example Although, the argument that denies the inevitability of phenomenon claims it to be a major cause of unemployment in America, but the positive impact of outsourcing on the economy cannot be rejected altogether. As a matter of fact, there is a fair amount of subjectivity in the questions like where, when and how outsourcing should be employed and the detrimental effects of outsourcing on US job market are a reality but another reality is the importance of these outsourcing companies to the US economy. Although cost is the key factor while making a decision of outsourcing, it must also be a strategic decision at the same time. A strategic decision takes into account the capabilities of companys resources, challenges at hand, benefits and key factors that favor outsourcing. The strategic outsourcing prevents the outsourcing of goods, services and labor that are critically important to the function of the company. At the same time, strategic outsourcing can take into account the expected impact of an outsourcing decision on national economy. The establishment of a separate formal Officials authority might be a good idea to evolve a regulating mechanism and to strike a balance in outsourcing decisions. Nevertheless, purging it altogether is not an option. Pacing with rapid changes in business dimensions has become a demanding challenge for business leaders in diminishing geographical limitations. Technology in general and cutting edge communications in particular drastically redefines business operations in terms of resources. The globalization has vast and vivid repercussions on business domains and business leaders have to be very knowledgeable and current on prevailing trends in human resources, purchases and supplies to manage these effects in their specific domain. The globalization of businesses and advancement in technologies to support these global business operations have reduced the geographical limitation of

What makes Us Happy Essay Example for Free

What makes Us Happy Essay Endorphins are considered the best and most legal way of achieving a high Nathan Altman said in his Endorphins Question and Answer article. Endorphins are polypeptides that are produced in the brain. They are able to bind to the neuro-receptors in the brain to give relief from pain. Endorphins can be accredited with the affect that exercise has on the brain. The so called runners high is a result of endorphins being produced in the brain. Discovered in 1975 endorphins are one of several substances in the brain that resemble morphine. These substances were referred to as opoids. The polypeptide endorphin contains thirty amino acid units. Opoids are considered stress hormone like corticotrophin, cortisol, and catecholamines (adrenaline, nonadrenaline), and are created by the body to reduce stress and pain levels. Endorphins are usually produced during periods of extreme stress and naturally block pain signals produced by the bodys nervous system. The human body can produce at least 20 different endorphins with possible benefits and uses that researchers are investigating. The Beta endorphins seem to be the endorphin that has the strongest affect on the body during exercise. This type of peptide hormone is formed mostly by Tyrosine, an amino acid. The molecular structure of this chemical highly resembles morphine but as different chemical properties. Endorphins are believed to have four significant effects on the body and mind they enhance the immune system, relieve pain, reduce stress and postpone the aging process. Scientists have also found that beta-endorphins can activate human NK (Natural Killer) cells and boost the immune system against diseases and kill cancer cells. Athletes often experience a second wind rather than feeling pain and exhaustion. Toward the end of a race many runners feel energized and limber. DR. William Straw M.D physician for the San Jose Sharks, at some point you may feel a little more energetic and you can kick-in when you did not feel  like you could kick-in before. Endorphins can be released in various amounts for different people. One person may experience and endorphin rush after ten minutes of intense exercise while it may take another thirty minutes before they start to feel their second wind. Production of endorphins can increase 200% from the beginning to end of sexual activity. Dr. Candace Pert, Ph.D. of Johns Hopkins University, have documented the connection between orgasm and endorphins. Physical contact as well as sexual activity plays a role in the production of endorphins. The homormone oxytocin is also produces during prolonged physical contact and sexual activity. These two chemicals together act as natural opiates. Exercise has an affect on the brain that is accredited to many things. Endorphins play a role in the stress release one feels after a workout, but many other factors also contribute to euphoric feelings. Relaxation and deep breathing release tension and can create a calming affect. The feeling of accomplishment that a person feels after conquering a goal can also create confidence and alleviate depression symptyoms.

Alan Turning: A Sad Mystery Essay -- Alan Turning Enigma Biography Pap

Alan Turning: A Sad Mystery â€Å"The original question, ‘Can machines think?’ I believe to be too meaningless to deserve discussion. Nevertheless I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted†¦. The popular view that scientists proceed inexorably from well-established fact to well-established fact, never being influenced by any improved conjecture, is quite mistaken. Provided it is made clear which are proved facts and which are conjectures, no harm can result. Conjectures are of great importance since they suggest useful lines of research† (Turing, â€Å"Computing Machinery and Intelligence†) In his thorough biography of Alan Turing, Alan Turing:The Enigma, Andrew Hodges described the self-destruction of HAL in 2001 A Space Odyssey in the following way:â€Å"He was only aware of the conflict that was slowly destroying his integrity – the conflict between truth, and concealment of truth† (Hodges, 533). Apparently the authors of 2001, Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick had based their picture of HAL on ideas developed by Alan Turing, the brilliant British mathematician, scientist, cryptographer and philosopher who committed suicide on June 7, 1954. (Hodges, 533). Mr. Turing had a remarkable career from the 1930’s into the early 1950’s. He studied math initially at Cambridge, worked for a time at Princeton and spent most of World War II at Bletchley Park where he and his colleagues eventually solved the Enigma cipher used by the Germans to secure their U-boat strikes against Allied shipping lanes during the height of the European war. After the war, he returned to academic life ... ...or of much of the early thought that has evolved into today’s computer science will continue to affect us. It is rather daunting to envision what more he could have given us when considering the legacy of his work. Perhaps Clark and Kubrick also had Turing the man in mind when they devised what it would take to cause HAL to self-destruct Works Cited Hodges, Andrew. â€Å"The Alan Turing Home Page.† last updated 24 October 1998. http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/Turing.html(February, 1999). Hodges, Andrew. Alan Turing:The Enigma. New York:Simon and Schuster, 1983. Hodges, Andrew. â€Å"Alan Turing:a natural philosopher.† 1997. http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/philo/ ex6.html (February, 1999). Turing, Alan. â€Å"Computing Machinery and Intelligence† 1950. http://www.sscf.ucsb.edu/~sung/ comm115/writing-define-computing/Computing-machinery.html (February, 1999). Alan Turning: A Sad Mystery Essay -- Alan Turning Enigma Biography Pap Alan Turning: A Sad Mystery â€Å"The original question, ‘Can machines think?’ I believe to be too meaningless to deserve discussion. Nevertheless I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted†¦. The popular view that scientists proceed inexorably from well-established fact to well-established fact, never being influenced by any improved conjecture, is quite mistaken. Provided it is made clear which are proved facts and which are conjectures, no harm can result. Conjectures are of great importance since they suggest useful lines of research† (Turing, â€Å"Computing Machinery and Intelligence†) In his thorough biography of Alan Turing, Alan Turing:The Enigma, Andrew Hodges described the self-destruction of HAL in 2001 A Space Odyssey in the following way:â€Å"He was only aware of the conflict that was slowly destroying his integrity – the conflict between truth, and concealment of truth† (Hodges, 533). Apparently the authors of 2001, Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick had based their picture of HAL on ideas developed by Alan Turing, the brilliant British mathematician, scientist, cryptographer and philosopher who committed suicide on June 7, 1954. (Hodges, 533). Mr. Turing had a remarkable career from the 1930’s into the early 1950’s. He studied math initially at Cambridge, worked for a time at Princeton and spent most of World War II at Bletchley Park where he and his colleagues eventually solved the Enigma cipher used by the Germans to secure their U-boat strikes against Allied shipping lanes during the height of the European war. After the war, he returned to academic life ... ...or of much of the early thought that has evolved into today’s computer science will continue to affect us. It is rather daunting to envision what more he could have given us when considering the legacy of his work. Perhaps Clark and Kubrick also had Turing the man in mind when they devised what it would take to cause HAL to self-destruct Works Cited Hodges, Andrew. â€Å"The Alan Turing Home Page.† last updated 24 October 1998. http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/Turing.html(February, 1999). Hodges, Andrew. Alan Turing:The Enigma. New York:Simon and Schuster, 1983. Hodges, Andrew. â€Å"Alan Turing:a natural philosopher.† 1997. http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/philo/ ex6.html (February, 1999). Turing, Alan. â€Å"Computing Machinery and Intelligence† 1950. http://www.sscf.ucsb.edu/~sung/ comm115/writing-define-computing/Computing-machinery.html (February, 1999). Alan Turning: A Sad Mystery Essay -- Alan Turning Enigma Biography Pap Alan Turning: A Sad Mystery â€Å"The original question, ‘Can machines think?’ I believe to be too meaningless to deserve discussion. Nevertheless I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted†¦. The popular view that scientists proceed inexorably from well-established fact to well-established fact, never being influenced by any improved conjecture, is quite mistaken. Provided it is made clear which are proved facts and which are conjectures, no harm can result. Conjectures are of great importance since they suggest useful lines of research† (Turing, â€Å"Computing Machinery and Intelligence†) In his thorough biography of Alan Turing, Alan Turing:The Enigma, Andrew Hodges described the self-destruction of HAL in 2001 A Space Odyssey in the following way:â€Å"He was only aware of the conflict that was slowly destroying his integrity – the conflict between truth, and concealment of truth† (Hodges, 533). Apparently the authors of 2001, Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick had based their picture of HAL on ideas developed by Alan Turing, the brilliant British mathematician, scientist, cryptographer and philosopher who committed suicide on June 7, 1954. (Hodges, 533). Mr. Turing had a remarkable career from the 1930’s into the early 1950’s. He studied math initially at Cambridge, worked for a time at Princeton and spent most of World War II at Bletchley Park where he and his colleagues eventually solved the Enigma cipher used by the Germans to secure their U-boat strikes against Allied shipping lanes during the height of the European war. After the war, he returned to academic life ... ...or of much of the early thought that has evolved into today’s computer science will continue to affect us. It is rather daunting to envision what more he could have given us when considering the legacy of his work. Perhaps Clark and Kubrick also had Turing the man in mind when they devised what it would take to cause HAL to self-destruct Works Cited Hodges, Andrew. â€Å"The Alan Turing Home Page.† last updated 24 October 1998. http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/Turing.html(February, 1999). Hodges, Andrew. Alan Turing:The Enigma. New York:Simon and Schuster, 1983. Hodges, Andrew. â€Å"Alan Turing:a natural philosopher.† 1997. http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/philo/ ex6.html (February, 1999). Turing, Alan. â€Å"Computing Machinery and Intelligence† 1950. http://www.sscf.ucsb.edu/~sung/ comm115/writing-define-computing/Computing-machinery.html (February, 1999).

Discuss the value of chemistry in society

For some time in the modern world, and especially subsequent to the events of September 11th, there has been a wave of concern regarding chemistry and its potential destructive powers. There are many people who hold a fearful attitude towards the chemical industry and its products. This is because the threat of chemical and bio-chemical weapons is very real and is a negative aspect of the business. Also it is often deemed environmentally unfriendly and unsafe for the nearby public. However it is far wider believed that the pros outweigh the cons massively. To display this I have produced a case study on Glaxo Smith Kline. Read this Practice Test Chem 105 Background Glaxo Smith Kline, based in the UK, is one of the pharmaceutical industry leaders, with an estimated seven per cent of the world's pharmaceutical market and declare a global quest to improve the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer. This shows just how people based the company is despite its huge size. GSK is also involved in four major therapeutic areas – anti-infectives, central nervous system (CNS), respiratory and gastro-intestinal/metabolic. In addition, it is a leader in the important area of vaccines and has a growing range of oncology products and treatments. The company also has a Consumer Healthcare section comprising over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, oral care products and nutritional healthcare drinks, all of which are among the market leaders. Employees and Employment GSK GSK has over 100,000 employees worldwide. Of these, over 40,000 are in sales and marketing, the largest sales force in the industry. Over 42,000 employees work at 104 manufacturing sites in 40 countries and over 16,000 are in R;D. R;D is based at 24 sites in seven countries. The company has a leading position in genomics/genetics and new drug discovery technologies. The GSK R;D budget is about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.4bn. Implications This shows that the industry is a great employer for many job types, including lab technicians, researchers, doctors, I.T. staff, biologists and others. It also employs testers for development of drugs and measure side effects on human patients. This is where much of the development money goes as the patients are only willing to be test subjects for quite large fees due to the potentially harmful side effects. Health and Safety GSK They take health and safety really seriously as GSK. Because a lot of the work that goes on involves highly flammable organic solvents, no heating is done with naked flames (there is only one Bunsen burner in the entire plant, and that is used by the glass blower for shaping pieces of glassware.) In the research labs heating will be done using electric mantles or electrically heated oil baths. However, in the ‘scale-up' plant, where large volumes of soluble materials are used, even electrical heating is not allowed because of the danger of sparks. Instead they heat vessels by passing a pre-heated liquid through an outer jacket around the vessel. No mobile phones or any electrical equipment are allowed inside in case they generated sparks which could ignite any flammable vapours. In the corridors outside the research laboratories there are emergency showers for people to use in the event of a chemical spillage and Hazard warnings are displayed everywhere. All chemicals have hazard-warning labels. Most pieces of equipment have warning labels on them. Details of every experiment were displayed where the experiment was carried out. A full risk assessment is done on any process before it is carried out. If any particularly hazardous materials are being used, a notice is displayed on the outside of the lab and entry is restricted to authorised personnel. In school we sometimes wear gloves when using chemicals. At GSK gloves are used routinely. There are various grades of gloves to chose from, depending on the nature of the chemicals being used. The different grades are colour coded. The researcher has to specify which gloves to use in the risk assessment. Implications These near perfect safety precautions go a long way to proving that the chemical industry is really very safe and does not pose as much danger to the public as is often thought by many people. With the help of modern technology and careful planning the industry, it has become safer than many school science classes! Drug Development GSK GSK spends millions of pounds each year on research and development. It costs something in the region of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½450,000,000 to produce a new medicine. The process of developing a new medicine takes about 10 years. Research usually begins with genetic research, which identifies the proteins involved in the disease. Then thousands of compounds will be tested to see if they react with the protein involved in the disease. This process is highly automated, using compounds stored in the automated chemical store. From this the best compound is identified. This will be the compound, which reacts best with the protein. This will not yet be good enough to be used as a therapeutic drug though. It may be too soluble to stay in the body for long; it may be too insoluble to get into the blood stream. It may be toxic, or have other characteristics that make it unsuitable for use as a drug. The next step is to modify compounds structure so that it has as near perfect properties as possible. For example, to make the compound less water-soluble so that it stays in the body for longer, large organic side groups could be added to the structure. (When penicillin was first discovered it was extremely water-soluble so was very quickly passed out of the body in the urine. Because penicillin was in such short supply it had to be recovered from the urine and recycled!) Once a suitable compound has been found the next problem is to scale up production from milligram's to grams then to kilogram's At this point the drug will need to be tested on living tissue (cells, not usually whole animals) So far this process will have taken 4-5 years. Scaling up production has lots of difficulties associated with it. Reactions that work well on a milligram scale may not work on a 20 kg scale. There may be difficulties associated with weighing, heating, stirring, transferring, cooling and purifying. Ways of solving all these difficulties have to be found. The drug will then enter the clinical trials stage. At first it will only be tested for side effects in a few healthy volunteers. It will then be used in trials in patients with the disease. If successful the drug will then be licensed for use and made generally available. Even after this point the drug must be monitored. Implications There is a massive amount of money being poured into the chemical industry by investors. This is good for the stock market and the global economy, the employees of the company and the public who will need the developed drugs. It is a very safe system and those who are put at risk do so by their own admission. The testers are paid quite large lump sums for testing if the drug has any side effects and are usually young healthy men and women at university or college. Very little testing on animals is being carried out any more. There is testing on animal tissue, but this is done on a very small scale and animals are rarely harmed. This is a great step for the industry, which for some time has been beset by animal rights groups protesting their actions. Also the time taken for the drug to be developed is good for job stability for the researchers and developers who are needed far beyond the initial stages of production. Environmental Issues GSK All solvents are collected in large containers under the benches of each lab. When these are full they are taken away and dealt with in a way appropriate to the particular solvent. All waste from the labs is treated as being contaminated and is incinerated. The ash from this is disposed of in landfill sites. Potentially a very large volume of water would be put into the local sewage system. To avoid overloading the system, GSK have installed a recycling system where the water that passes through condensers is reused in a closed system. This also of course saves water. There are no sinks in any of the labs so that nothing can be poured away like is practiced in schools. They are very environmentally friendly. Implications This is great for the environment as nothing is thrown away. It is all dealt with carefully and the industry is becoming far more eco-friendly than in the past. Conclusion From my case study of Glaxo Smith Kline I have found that the industry is in reform. It is becoming far safer and there are many less ethical issues than ever before. Animal testing is low and the environment is finally being preserved. The industry is good for the economy and employs many people from college and university graduates to product test subjects. The pros of chemistry in society far outweigh the cons and this is illustrated perfectly in Glaxo Smith Kline.

Effects of Stress on Grades

Students at universities worldwide oftentimes find stress to be a part of everyday life. Stress is defined as the way one responds to the changes and demands of life either emotionally, physically, or mentally. Stress is registered in one’s â€Å"fight or flight† response. When an exciting or dangerous event occurs changes take place in the body to prepare the person to deal with the stressful situation. After the stressful situation has subsided the body returns to a normal state. The constant stress of being a college student does not allow the body to return to a normal state so a student may never be able to fully relax. This can lead to stress overload (Bower, 2010). Many factors can affect a student’s academic performance and grades. The National College Health Assessment of 2004 shows that the most significant impediment to effective listening, retaining information, and studying is stress. Stress is noted to be the number one cause of poor academic functioning in a student above other problems like depression, illness, eating disorders, death of a family member, and even sexual assault. The study reviewed 47,202 college students and 32. 4% listed stress as the number one barrier to schoolwork (Temple, 2006). Many college students have multiple stressors. Most are taking multiple classes, working full-time jobs, have family members to take care of, are working long hours at unpaid internship sites, or any combination of these. Many college students must deal with the stress of just leaving home and no longer benefiting from familial support. Relationship problems may begin to develop between the student and the friends, families, or significant others that have been left at home. This overload of responsibility and worry can lead to a lack of sleep and improper nutrition, which can cause difficulty in school (Bower, 2010). Proper nutrition may become a problem for a student because he or she may be unable to grocery shop on a regular basis. Other problems with nutrition occur because a student who is living in a dormitory may be unable to cook proper meals and unable to store large quantities of food. Some students new to living without parents may not have the knowledge to cook a decent meal. Others simply do not have the time to eat properly. Without proper nutrition the brain does not function properly and the student may have difficulty concentrating on schoolwork (Womble, 2002). Maintaining employment while attending college can also be a source of stress. This stress may come from working long hours that can make the student too tired to focus on his or her studies or working long hours may lead to attendance problems at school. Mentally focusing on both work life and school life can be exhausting for a student and can lead to increased amounts of stress. The number of hours a student spends at work can be directly related to that student’s grade point average (GPA) because the more time a student spends at work, the less time that student can spend studying (Womble, 2002). Sleep, or lack of, is the most important factor on a student’s GPA. Many college students do not sleep enough during the week to properly rest the body and mind. Lack of sleep has been shown to increase anxiety and stress. Simple sleep patterns like waking earlier during the weekdays than on the weekends have also been shown to affect the GPA of a student (Womble, 2002). Not all college students complain of experiencing stress, many do. Although some stress is good for a person and may be energizing or motivating, it is important for a person to recognize and be able to manage bad stress before it spirals out of control and has a negative effect. Coping mechanisms are important for anyone but may prove to be more so for a college student. Coping mechanisms include sleeping enough, spending time doing fun activities, relaxing, and practicing time management. Developing ones communication, writing, and test taking skills is important to reduce stress. Engaging in physical activity, reading a book that is not school related, or getting a massage are ways to reduce stress and relax. Daily use of a planner to track assignment due dates and upcoming project deadlines is useful for staying on track with studies (Bower, 2010). Coping mechanisms come from within, from something called personality hardiness. The idea of personality hardiness first came to be with regard to protecting business executives from the health effects of stress. This concept involves having a sense of control and commitment. Commitment means that a person can view the world as a meaningful place and he or she seeks to be involved in the world rather than withdrawn from it. Control shows that a person believes he or she can influence events that take place in his or her world. Personality hardiness means that a person may not feel threatened by changes to his or her environment. Theoretically, a student with personality hardiness should be able to adapt to the changes that come with enrollment in school, taking multiple classes, maintaining employment, and family obligations without stress overload. The result should mean that a student takes on the new challenges with less stress and instead turns the stressful events into opportunities for growth and personal development (Hystad, Eid, Laberg, Johnsen, & Bartone, 2009). Two studies have been performed by Lifton and colleagues. These studies assessed the personality hardiness of individuals throughout the college years. These studies had newly arriving college students complete hardiness measures and found a positive interrelationship between persistence and the student’s graduation date four years later. The hardiness scores among those who did not complete four years of college were lower than those who did not drop out. The scores on the hardiness exams were not directly related to scores on entrance exams or high academic ability. Personality hardiness is not based on a person’s academic ability but rather a person’s attitude or the manner in which he or she approaches life’s challenges (Hystad et al. , 2009). Though the information contained in the numerous studies that have been done regarding stress and the college student’s ability to achieve a decent GPA is helpful to understanding stress and how it affects different people there are always exceptions to every rule. Although it is true that every person handles stressful situations in his or her own unique way there are many resources available to help a college student achieve passing grades regardless of the stress factor. At the same time, there are many choices a college student makes that adds to the amount of stress he or she carries in everyday life. Many times when a college student is sleep deprived it is that he or she has made the choice to be sleep deprived. Staying up all night partying is common among college students as going off to college may be the first time the student has had the opportunity to do so and many consider it to be a bonding experience or a way to make friends in a new place. Grabbing a less than stellar meal from the nearest fast food joint or having a pizza delivered is oftentimes a choice that a student makes rather than a necessity. Eating a meal like this is easier than shopping for a meal, cooking a meal, and cleaning up after a meal. Eating on the run may also be what â€Å"all of the other kids are doing† and again it is a way to fit in. Whereas it is true that some students must maintain employment while attending school this may not have to be the stressor that it often is. Time management skills can come in handy when trying to juggle work and school. Taking time to relax is one of the most important and effective ways of reducing stress. This can; however, oftentimes be misconstrued and taken out of context. One of the worst, and most common, pastimes college students use to relax is drinking alcoholic beverages. Binge drinking can be very detrimental to schoolwork as this can do away with a person’s judgment skills, time management skills, and a person’s healthy well-being. Research shows that binge drinking affects approximately 50% of college students (Stunn, n. d. ). Binge drinking can lead to missing classes because the student may be to hung-over to attend or if the student does manage to attend the mind and body may not be functioning at full capacity and may lead to an inability to concentrate and retain information. When this kind of drinking is done night after night it can lead to many absences or missed assignments, which can compound a student’s stress level by having to make up the work or complete the work in a shorter time with little to no instruction This information would be recommended to others in the class because as students stress will be an important factor during not only college years but also in future years as well. It is important that as an individual a person has coping mechanisms to deal with stress to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Research done on the topic of how stress can negatively affect a student’s GPA is important in learning how to better deal with the stressors in one’s life to overcome barriers and achieve the goals he or she has set. Enrolling in college is a big step in which nobody intentionally sets up to fail. Whereas there are many changes that a college student must adapt to there are an equal number of services both on campus and off that will help a student overcome the barriers to effective learning and to become a better student despite the changes in life. Learning ways to manage time, learning to make choices that will facilitate not only a healthy relationship with peers but also a healthy lifestyle, and learning to cope with the sometimes daily changes in life is part of growing up and moving into the adult world.

How to Run a Successful Email Outreach Campaign (Step by Step)

How to Run a Successful Email Outreach Campaign (Step by Step) Maybe it was your first email outreach campaign. Maybe you tried one and quit halfway through. Or maybe you thought you did everything right, but you just didn’t see the results you were looking for. Whatever your reason is for wanting to kick your email outreach game up a notch, you’ve come to the right place. The best email campaigns have a simple structure, follow email outreach best practices, and leave plenty of room for experimenting, analyzing, and tweaking so you can incrementally build up to that perfect email campaign that gets you results every time. Start with identifying your desired outcome, reaching out to the right audience, and maintaining compliance. Then, dive into crafting a powerful email that prompts action, structuring a strong campaign, and, finally, deploying your email outreach campaign under the right conditions. And finally, analyze the results to determine whats working and whats not. Then, start again at step one with a new set of prospects and your newly-discovered insights, iterating the basic campaign structure with slight improvements until you become a master of your domain. Want to learn more? Here’s our step-by-step instruction guide to running a successful email outreach campaign. Table of Contents: Identify Your Goals Pinpoint the Right Prospects Verify Emails and Maintain Compliance Craft Your Emails Structure Your Campaign Launch Your Campaign Testing and Tracking ResultsHow to Run a Successful Email Outreach Campaign (Step by Step) Step 1: Identify Your Goals Identifying your goals before starting an email campaign seems like a no-brainer, but you’d be surprised at how often companies gloss over this step. And all too often, those who do get the goal-defining piece right end up not holding themselves accountable or failing to share those goals organization-wide. Your campaign's goals could range widely from simple prospecting  to boosting brand awareness or even educating the market on new product lines or features. Or perhaps lead generation is steady, but your team is having a tough time closing deals or retaining customers. (In that situation, it might be beneficial to send a survey campaign.) Whether your goal is relationship building, link building, basic prospecting, or something else, you should make sure everyone on your team knows exactly  what the end goal is and what metrics to track  to identify if the campaign was a success or not. While open rates and click-through rates are important, they really just tell you if there’s a problem with your content. The most important thing is to track conversions and overall ROI. The most important thing is to track conversions and overall ROI. Step 2: Pinpoint the Right Prospects Even the greatest email campaigns can be brought to a grinding halt if they aren't targeting the right audience. Putting together a prospect list is a critical task. Fortunately, there are countless ways to find people who may want what you're selling: Outbound prospecting Networking Inbound marketing Referrals The hard part is deciding which one is the most effective for your product, your company, and your sales style. Typically, it's a combination of multiple approaches, but in the end, it really boils down to what avenue offers the best return on time and resources invested. These days, automation reigns supreme when it comes to crafting the perfect lead data from scratch. Tools like LinkedIn Sales Navigator  can help you create advanced queries to find prospects based on geography, industry, number of employees, estimated revenue, and more. LinkedIn Sales Navigator can help you create advanced queries to find prospects based on geography,... Step 3: Verify Emails and Maintain Compliance Once you’ve crafted your ironclad prospect list, you’ve then got the arduous task of tracking down each potential lead’s correct  contact information – which in the past, was easier said than done. Fortunately, we now have tools like Voila Norbert  that allow you to input lead data and extract out their real-time validated email addresses all in one shot. Once your goals are set and you have a verified email list, you then need to take a few critical steps toward maintaining CAN-SPAM compliance, ensuring deliverability, and protecting your domain. Recommended Reading: What 14 Studies Say About the Best Time to Send Email 1. Set Up an Email Address on Another Domain This is an often-overlooked but necessary step. Email outreach campaigns require lots of experimenting, and if you send all those emails from your primary domain, you run the risk of damaging the reputation of your company. The safest option is to set up another domain that’s reserved exclusively for outbound campaigns targeting a new audience. 2. Create an SPF Record The SPF, or Sender Policy Framework, is essentially a security device that prevents wrongdoers from sending any emails on your behalf. You just need to set it up on your DNS server, which defines and verifies the specific IP addresses allowed to send emails from your domain. Google has a pretty good write-up on SPF  if you want to learn more. 3. Create a DKIM Record Similar to the SPF record, the DKIM, or DomainKeys Identified Mail, was rolled out to prevent imposters from masquerading as you via email. Think of it as another layer of protection that says to the receiving DNS server, â€Å"It’s okay, I’m really the person sending this message.† Similar to the SPF record, it will also ensure a greater deliverability rate once set up. 4. Adhere to CAN-SPAM Guidelines The CAN-SPAM Act  was enacted in 2003 as a way to set an established standard for sending commercial email, and made the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) responsible for its enforcement. People tend to overcomplicate it, but the essentials are: Steer clear of using false or misleading information Limit the number of â€Å"!†s in emails you send Abstain from using too many words like â€Å"promotion,† â€Å"sale,† â€Å"free,† etc. Be transparent about your intentions Don’t use too many imagesStep 4: Craft Your Emails Crafting your emails is usually where people get caught up. Many have a tendency to overanalyze and try to perfect the email on the first outreach campaign. While you should spend a decent amount of time here, it isn’t good practice to dwell on things. Find or create a good template, run with it, analyze what works, and move on. With that in mind, there are still some best practices to adhere to when crafting your emails: Subject Line and Snippet The name of the game here is to seize attention, primarily because 47% of emails  are discarded or opened based entirely on their subject line. Easy subject line wins include: Getting straight to the point.  I’m talking 3-4 words when possible, but maximum  5-6 words. This way they stand out from the long drawn-out subject lines emails typically have. Personalizing when possible  by utilizing the company name, prospect’s name, referral source, or even a shared experience. Doing so has the potential to boost open rates. Keeping it casual to avoid being confused with spam or junk offers. Try typing in lowercase incomplete sentences as if you wrote the subject line to a longtime friend or colleague. Recommended Tool: 's (Free) Email Subject Line Tester Email Body The core of your email should be entirely  about the prospect. Avoid talking about yourself or your product initially. Some best practices here include utilizing social proof in the form of hard numbers, case studies, or statistics – preferably something relevant, relatable, or hard-hitting. Start off by striking a chord with a pain point, laying out your value proposition, or sharing some interesting content. The body is yet another section ripe for personalization that can help you stand out. Call-To-Action (CTA) You’ve kept their attention this long. Now you’ve just got to seal the deal. Most salespeople know that deals aren’t sold via email, so usually the CTA is a single  request, one that has a low-friction ask and is easily answered with a 'yes' or 'no'. In fact, according to marketing guru Ellie Mirman, emails with a single CTA increased clicks 371%  and sales by 1617%. Recommended Reading: How to Write a Call to Action in a Template With 6 Examples Signature The signature is arguably the most overlooked part of the email, to your own detriment. The signature is likely the first section the prospect will scroll to when they open your email. They want context. So settling for a mere phone number and company name won’t suffice. Instead, you should leverage your signature to do more for you. Add your social media profiles (and make sure you keep them current). Toss in links to a recent article you published, a speech you gave, or even to an award you received. The whole point here is to establish trust and credibility while also coming off as relatable and likable. Establish trust and credibility while also coming off as relatable and likable. Step 5: Structure Your Campaign You’ve got an email loaded and ready – now you just need to hit 'send.' But wait: before you do anything else, you’ve got to structure the rest of your campaign. Typically, this means determining what your email cadence schedule is and what your follow-up emails  will cover. While this is something you could  do manually, it’s better to leverage some sort of automation software. A tool like Mailshake, for example, can send your initial email and  your follow-up emails  on autopilot for you. The big question here typically is: "How long do I wait before following up again?" The short answer is "Not long." You’ve built momentum, and it would be a shame to let that go to waste. Here’s an example outreach schedule you can steal and begin to tweak: Day 1:  Send the initial email Day 3:  Consider connecting on social media Day 4:  Send follow-up email #1 Day 7:  Consider calling them Day 11:  Send follow-up email #2 Day 15:  Engage with their content on social media Day 21:  Send follow-up email #3 From then on, try at least once a month. As you can see, this isn’t an exact science. If you space things out logically and use other channels for touchpoints throughout your outreach campaign, you’ll come off less salesy and spammy.